Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. A Balanced Point of View Biology and Environment: Resilient Children … The major questions include the following: Here are some of the basic questions within the realm of developmental psychology and what many psychologists today believe about these issues. There are three stages of prenatal development: germinal, embryonic, and fetal periods. WHAT IS CHILD DEVELOPMENT? Lack of healthy food leads to stunted physical growth, slowed or reduced brain development and the suppression of the immune system. (2) Does one general course of development characterize all individuals or many possible courses? Traditionalism vs Universalism in the definition of human rights 3. ", The notion of critical periods has been used to describe both risks and opportunities for development.  For example, ethological theory has suggested that the first two years of life provide a unique opportunity for the development relationships to caregivers (Bowlby, 1989).  Parents who provide sensitive, responsive caregiving will foster healthy attachment relationships between them and their toddlers.  In contrast, psychoanalytic theory proposes that traumatic experiences in early childhood will have devastating effects on the development of personality.   Â, Other developmentalists--including learning theorists and information processing theorists--find little evidence of critical periods in human development.   Â, The individual's genetic inheritance is permanently established at the moment of conception.  While developmentalists agree that inheritance certainly determines physical features such as eye color, they disagree about the effects of genetics on behavior and development.  We typically use the term nature to refer to genetic effects, and nurture to refer to environmental effects on development.Â, Historically, proponents of the nature perspective argued that biological factors have greater effect on behavior and development than environmental factors do.  Arnold Gesell (1928) proposed an extreme form of this. The influences of nature (e.g., genetics) and nurture (… viewing all … Answer: The three basic issues in child development are: (1) Is the course of development continuous or discontinuous? Proper nutrition, exercise, and sleep al… Questions: which you controversy you believe in, NATURE or NURTURE for the young children? The Field of Child Development Domains of Development Periods of Development Basic Issues Continuous or Discontinuous Development? Parenting or child rearing is the process of promoting and supporting the physical, emotional, social, and intellectual development of a child from infancy to adulthood.Parenting refers to the intricacies of raising a child and not exclusively for a biological relationship. One Course of Development or Many? Healthy development means that children of all abilities, including those with special health care needs, are able to grow up where their social, emotional and educational needs are met. ISSUES IN DEVELOPMENT ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS, The child development theories vary widely in scope and content.  Psychoanalytic theory focuses on the emotional and motivational aspects of development.  Learning theory is concerned generally with the effects of the environment on behavior and, more specifically, with how those who deal with children can control their behavior.  Piaget's theory focuses on the development of intellectual functioning: adaptive problem-solving, reasoning, and concept formation.  Information processing theory is concerned primarily with children's attention, memory, and problem solving abilities.  Ethological theory explores the effects of evolution on children's adaptive behavior.Â. Behaviorism and social learning theory gave rise to techniques of behavior modification to eliminate undesirable behaviors and increase desirable responses. The controversy of continuity versus discontinuity is this:  Some theorists say that children go through various developmental stages defined by reorganizing changes, while other theorists reject the notion of stages.  A developmental stage refers to the time elapsing between any two sequential developmental changes that reorganize the system.  Sigmund Freud (1939) proposed that personality emerges in a sequence of five developmental stages organized around qualitatively different aspects of sexual functioning.  Jean Piaget (1983) proposed that cognitive development emerges in a series of four sequential stages organized around qualitatively distinct forms of thinking and problem solving.  Theorists who  accept the concept of stages view development as discontinuous. is development continuous or discontinous stages ... from France and took a more normative approach to child development and figured out what children … There is no simple resolution to the differences between the passive and active views.  Both seem valid.  Children do appear to actively affect some developmental changes, such as acquiring language and social skills.   Other changes, such as physical growth and changes in certain infant reflexes, seem to occur with less, or perhaps no active participation of the child.  Thus the complexity of development can be best explained by theories that encompass both passive and active involvement of the child in developmental change. The most common caretaker in parenting is the father or mother, or both, biological parent(s) of the child … (3) What are the roles of genetic and environmental factors—nature … (2) Some traits, such as temperament, do … 1) Is development a continuous process, or is it discontinuous, following a series of distinct stage? Definition. The United Nations (UN) currently lists 18 “Global Issues”. Simply stated, children whose early childhood is marked by malnutrition face a lifetime of health issues. The early years of a child’s life are very important for his or her health and development. What are the three basic issues on which child development theories take a stand? Contents 1. At the heart of the continuity versus discontinuity debate lies the question of whether development … This is not intended to be an exhaustive list. On the above there are a few questions, you may give your own comments about your thoughts about the topics, or answer the questions stated above. Blog. Identify three basic issues on which child development theories take a stand. junechilddevelopmentrevision.weebly.com/chapter-1-continuation-part-1.html Create your own unique website with customizable templates. Basic concepts and issues on human development 1. 1. These topics will be discussed in detail in our treatment of genetic mechanisms in Chapter 3. Child development refers to the biological and psychological and emotional changes that occur in human … In contrast to the nature view, the nurture perspective emphasized the environmental effects on behavior and development. Having a safe and loving home and spending time with family―playing, singing, reading, and talking―are very important. Some theories of development argue that changes ar… Explain Identify three basic issues on which theories of child development take a stand. Evidence observing whether development is continuous. All major child development theories take a stand on three basic issues: (1) Is development a continuous process, or is it discontinuous, following a series of distinct stages? A third major issue in developmental psychology is that of continuity. 1. One course of development vs. many possible courses 3. Other theories portray children as active agents in their own development.  In this perspective, children selectively and spontaneously involve themselves with specific aspects of the environment and alter the environment in ways that affect the nature of their experiences.  For example, a child who develops an interest and aptitude for motor skills may begin to select activities--such as joining a team and practicing--that further develop these motor skills.  Thus from the moment of conception, each individual must be understood as an active force in development, affecting the environment as much as he or she is influenced by that environment (Lerner & Busch-Rossnagel, 1981).  This view promotes a sense of humility among those who seek to steer children's development by external interventions.  To promote development, we must understand what children bring to a situation, what they want and need, and whether they will spontaneously cooperate with our efforts. Identify Describe major early influences on the scientific study of child development. what are the three basic issues in Human development? In the next section of the chapter, we will review the major theories of child development. perspective earlier in this century.  He believed that all developmental change is predetermined by an inherited biological plan for the gradual unfolding of individual growth.  He called this plan maturation.  He attributed individual differences in growth and behavior to variations in inherited predispositions, and believed that children progress through a series of maturational stages that are largely unaffected by environmental stimulation. SEARCHING FOR INFORMATION (2) Does one general course of development characterize all children, or are there many possible courses, influenced by the contexts in which children … Basic concepts in child development 1. In the 1930s and 1940s, psychiatrists and social workers. Child development involves the biological, psychological and emotional changes that occur in human beings between birth and the conclusion of adolescence.The main 3 stages of life include early … There are various approaches to labor, delivery, and childbirth, with potential complications of pregnancy and delivery, as well as risks and complications with newborns, but also advances in tests, technology, and medicine. Research Problem Prezi’s Big Ideas 2021: Expert advice for the new year How to create a webinar that resonates with remote audiences; Dec. 30, 2020. We are going to describe major historical influences on modern theories of child development. Use active questioning based on recommended tools to detect developmental problems… Rather, it serves as an overview of some of the major issues all global citizens should be aware of.The UN has also set 17 goals to be achieved by 2030. These are known the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals or UN SDGs.There are many organisations that align their mission to these goals. Many developmentalists believe that the accumulation of developmental change is not a matter of adding one new skill after another. Happy sharing! The good new… 16th and 17th centuries, Puritan conception of original sin led to a harsh philosophy of child rearing. According to the World Health Organization, up to 25 percent of children in developing nations lack basic nutrition, and even in developed nations, children suffer from malnutrition. And a child's "uncles and aunts" (father's siblings and their spouses) also contribute to the child's psycho-social enrichment. Some theories portray children as essentially passive with respect to developmental change.  In this view, children do not initiate behavior or spontaneously act upon the environment; they merely react to stimuli from the environment.  Thus, some developmentalists see development as the accumulation of learned associations between environmental stimuli and responses (Skinner, 1953; Bijou & Baer, 1961; Bijou, 1989)     Â. All of the major structures of the body are forming and the health of the mother is of primary concern.  Other theorists such as social learning theorists (Bandura, 1989) and information-processing theorists (Bjorkland, 1987; Klahr, 1989) explain development without reference to the stage concept.  They view development as a gradual accumulation of minute changes and see no basis for arbitrarily dividing development into stages.  Developmentalists who reject the concept of stages view development as continuous. Locke's notion of the child as a tabula rasa or 'blank slate'. This can affect how they respond to a child with a developmental delay. PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY Piaget's theory focuses on the development of intellectual functioning: adaptive problem-solving, reasoning, … From the 3 issues above, I may need to do more readings to answer the issues, or you as a reader can share your ideas regarding the issues. 17th century Enlightenment brought a new emphasis on human dignity and respect that led to more humane views of childhood. 2) Does on general course of development characteristic all children, or are there many possible course, influenced by the distinct contexts in which children grow up? INFORMATION PROCESSING THEORY (2) Does one general course of development characterize all children, or are there many possible courses, influenced by the distinct contexts in which children … Directions: Part 1: The following four pairs of statements relate to basic issues about human development… Research Topic This leaves these little ones at risk for viral, bacterial and parasitic infections. Identify the three basic issues on which theories of child development take a stand, and briefly describe the opposing views taken on each basic issue. MAJOR ISSUES IN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT John Kantner Professor Emeritus, Johns Hopkins University,USA Keywords: Diversity, statistical diversity, categor ical diversity, governance, community, basic needs. Instead, they believe that developmental change causes "the rules of the system to change" (Green, 1989, p.17), or to reorganize.  For example, when a thirteen-month-old suddenly discovers that that he can let go of furniture and toddle across the living room, the rules for the system of movement in space change irreversibly.  At a more advanced level of development, when a five-year-old child discovers that a few cookies can be called one, two, and three, her mental system for conceptualizing quantity is completely reorganized.  She can now count cookies and tell whether her brother has more or fewer than she has. Español (Spanish) Related Pages. Observational Learning Jan. 15, 2021. Child Development. Name: Faith Jones MyDevelopmentLab Activity 1 EDU 121, DO1 What Is Your Stance on the Three Basic Issues of Human Development? During the medieval times, 6th through 15th centuries, childhood was regarded as a separate phase of life. Rousseau's idea that children were noble savages foreshadowed the concept of stage and maturation. Darwin's theory of evolution, efforts to observe children directly began in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Answer. 3) Are genetic or environmental factors more important in influencing development (The nature versus nurture controversy) and are individual differences stable or characterized by substantial plasticity? Hall and Gesell introduces the normative approach, which. All three are separate domains in the developmental process, but they influence one another and are dependent on each other. -Psychoanalytic perspective: 1930s-1940s, this perspective was used to help treat children's emotional problems; Freud's psychosexual theory included 5 stages of child development and integrated 3 portions of the personality (id, ego, … Study Design Below there is comment box, please feel comfortable to comment at your own pace. The Study of Development Developmental psychology is the branch of psychology that describes, explains, predicts, and sometimes aims to modify age-related behaviors from conception to death; this field emphasizes maturation, early experiences, and various stages in development… Families may be reluctant to communicate concerns to health providers. Does one course of development characterize all children, or are there many possible courses? There are a number of important issues that have been debated throughout the history of developmental psychology. … PIAGET Describe Explain how child development is typically divided into domains and periods. Parents, health professionals, educators, and others can work together as partners to help children … observations and provide a basis for practical action. Nutrition and environmental stimulation play a role in all stages of development. (2) Does one course of development characterize all children, or are there many possible courses? determining whether children are active or passive in their own development. Operational Definition The early years of a child’s life are very important for his or her health and development. Psychoanalytic perspective gained in prominence, behaviorism emerged, focusing, Albert Bandura's social learning theory, focuses on modeling as major means through which children and adults requires new responses - it stresses the role of cognition, thinking , children's imitation and learning and it. Newcomer families may have diverse attitudes about child development and disabilities. Biopsychosocial Development Wrap all three domains together and psychologists refer to it as biopsychosocial development. Reporting Results SIMULATION ANSWER: (1) Stage theory is supported by the work of Piaget (cognitive development), Kohlberg (moral development), and Erikson (psychosocial development). These correspond to the most important issues of our time. al., 2000; Lester & Miller-Loncar, 2000).  A child can realize his or her genetic potential within a facilitating environmental context, and even the most supportive environment will have no effect without the genetic foundation for a particular developmental change.Â. Some developmentalists believe that children go through critical periods or sensitive phases, during which certain forms of experience have very specific effects on development.  If the experience occurs either before or after but not during the critical period, those effects will not take place.  Thus, the notion of critical periods suggests that "timing is everything. Psychoanalytic theory focuses on the emotional and motivational aspects of development. Continuous vs. discontinuous 2. VYGOTSKY SOCIOCULTURAL THEORY According to the dynamic systems theory all new motor development is the result of a dynamic and continual interaction of three major factors: (1) nervous system development; (2) the capabilities and biomechanics of the body; (3) environmental constraints and support … Two of the more highly debated issues in life‐span development psychology today are continuity versus discontinuity and nature versus nurture. Basic Concepts and Issues on Human Development EDUC 21 – Child and Adolescent Development Ferdinand C. Importado 2. Relative Influence of Nature and Nurture? Nature vs. … Measuring Human Development … assessing the relative weight of heredity and environment. Erikson's psychosocial theory, emphasized the development of culturally relevant attitudes and skills and - with the addition of 3 adult stages which is the lifespan of mature of development. At about the same time Gesell was formulating his theory, John B. Watson (1930) presented a theory that totally contradicted Gesell's.  Watson believed that development reflected no more than the accumulation of learned behaviors and that learning resulted from the way caregivers manipulate the child's environment.  Watson vividly expressed his view on nurture and developmental outcome this way: Do we really have that much power over the developmental outcomes of our children?  Clearly, Watson vastly overstated the potential effects of training.  However, his view has had pervasive influence on the study of child and adolescent development.  From a practical perspective, the nurture approach promises a great deal more to those who seek to influence developmental outcomes in children.  The question is whether it promises more than it delivers. 30, 2020 safe and loving home and spending time with family―playing singing... And spending time with family―playing, singing, reading, and talking―are very important for his or health! 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